Evaluation is an essential part of a community healthcare CSR programme because it helps determine whether the intervention is relevant, efficiently implemented, and capable of producing sustainable health outcomes. Evaluation should be integrated throughout the programme cycle rather than being conducted only after completion. The major stages are planning, implementation and post-closure, and each stage requires appropriate tools and techniques. During the planning stage, evaluation focuses on understanding community health needs, establishing a baseline and defining measurable objectives. A needs assessment is conducted through household surveys, community consultations, focus group discussions and interviews with local health workers. For example, if the CSR initiative aims to reduce maternal and child health problems, baseline data can be collected on antenatal-care visits, institutional deliveries, immunisation coverage, maternal nutrition and common childhood illnesses. Participatory Rural Appraisal techniques, social mapping and resource mapping can identify vulnerable groups and existing healthcare facilities. A baseline survey provides quantitative indicators against which future progress can be compared. Stakeholder analysis and problem-tree analysis can also help identify the causes of health problems and the roles of community members, NGOs, government departments and healthcare institutions. SMART indicators should then be established for measuring outputs and outcomes. During the implementation stage, evaluation becomes a continuous process of monitoring activities, outputs, quality and beneficiary participation. Tools