Question
Explain the variations in urinary system of vertebrates belonging to different groups.
Answer :
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Skip in 10
The vertebrate kidneys themselves are varied in structure; the ducts vary as does the urinary bladder. These variation are due to two major causes: (l) The kidney unlike many organs must Start fiJnctioning at an early Stage Of development in order to remove the metabolic of the rapidly growing embryo. The kidney is however, subject to modification or replacement in the later developmental Stages and adult existence (ii) the gonads (testis and ovary) lie adjacent to the kidneys. These organs specially the testis tend to take over part of the tubes and tubules of the urinary structures as a conducting system for their products. AS a result of this the urinary organs have been markedly modified in most vertebrate groups. In this subsection we will survey the construction and hence normal variations of urinogenital systems in various vertebrate groups.
Agnatha (Cyclostöme) or Jawless Vertebrates
The adult kidney of jawkss vertebrates lamprey (Petryomyzon) is opisthonephros or Mesonephrons andthe tubules are derived from the posterior mesomere. The tubules have lost all connection with the coelomic cavity but form a close association with the glomerular blood vessels at the blind-ended kidney capsule. The absence of connection between kidney tubules and coelom makes it evident that "coelomic fluid filter" was replaced by "blood! filter system" early in vertebrate evolution. This may be because possibly coelomic fluid pressure is too low and variable to keep up with the fluid balance demands of vertebrates which have high metabolic rates.
In adult lamprey the kidney is elongated and flattened. The kidneys lie on either side or the mid-dorsal line and each is suspended by a mesentery like membrane. The archinephric duct courses along the free edge of the kidney The pronephros exists above the mesonephros as the non functional "head kidney"
In the adult hagfish the opisthonephrös consists simply Of a series of tubule arranged in a segmental manner along most Of the length of the trunk, each tubule draining directly into the archinephric duct or pronephros. In hagfish adults the archinephros becomes modified to form
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