Cookies are small text files stored on a user’s device by a website through a web browser. They are widely used to remember login sessions, shopping-cart contents, language preferences, and browsing activities. Although cookies improve website functionality and user experience, they also create significant privacy concerns because they can collect, store, and transmit information about users and their online behaviour. One major privacy concern is user tracking. Websites can use cookies to record pages visited, time spent on websites, links clicked, and other browsing activities. When this information is collected over time, it can create a detailed profile of a user’s interests and habits. Such profiles may reveal sensitive information about preferences, lifestyle, purchasing behaviour, and online activities. Third-party cookies create additional privacy risks. These cookies are placed by domains other than the website that a user is directly visiting, commonly through advertisements, analytics services, and embedded content. Third-party companies can potentially track users across multiple websites and combine browsing