Liberalisation in India, initiated in 1991, brought about profound economic reforms that transformed the country’s economic landscape. These reforms, which included deregulation, privatization, and foreign investment, had far-reaching consequences for democracy. The impact of liberalisation on Indian democracy can be viewed from various angles, particularly its effects on political processes, socio-economic inequalities, and governance.

Economically, liberalisation fostered growth and modernization in several sectors, but its effects on democracy are complex. The economic boom led to a burgeoning middle class and a more diversified economy, which, in turn, expanded the electorate’s demands. The emergence of new industries, particularly in information technology and services, empowered individuals with new economic opportunities, creating a more politically aware and active citizenry. As a result, liberalisation indirectly encouraged political participation, with new social groups, including the urban middle class, playing an increasingly influential role in electoral politics.

However, liberalisation also exacerbated socio-economic disparities. While some segments of the population benefitted immensely from the reforms, others, particularly in rural and less developed areas, remained marginalized. The focus on growth, especially in sectors such as IT and finance, resulted in a widening gap between the urban rich and the rural poor. This unequal development created challenges for democratic inclusivity, as large sections of the population felt disconnected from the benefits of growth. The resulting frustration could