Cyberspace has become an essential part of modern life, supporting communication, commerce, governance, and critical infrastructure. However, its rapid expansion has also led to numerous security challenges that threaten individuals, organizations, and nations. One of the most common security issues in cyberspace is unauthorized access, often referred to as hacking. Hackers exploit vulnerabilities in computer systems, networks, or applications to gain access without permission. This can result in data theft, system manipulation, or disruption of services. Weak passwords, unpatched software, and misconfigured systems often make such attacks easier. Another significant issue is malware, which includes viruses, worms, trojans, ransomware, and spyware. Malware is designed to damage systems, steal sensitive data, or gain control over devices. Ransomware, in particular, has become increasingly prevalent, encrypting users’ data and demanding payment for its release. Such attacks can cripple organizations, especially when critical operational data is affected. Spyware, on the other hand, secretly monitors user activity, leading to privacy violations and identity theft. Phishing attacks are also among the most widespread cybersecurity threats. These involve fraudulent emails, messages, or websites that appear legitimate but are designed to trick users into revealing sensitive information such as passwords, credit card details, or personal identification data. Social engineering techniques are often used in phishing, exploiting human psychology rather than technical vulnerabilities. As a result, even well-secured systems can be compromised if users are not aware or vigilant. Identity theft is another major concern in cyberspace. Cybercriminals collect personal information through data breaches, phishing, or malware and use it to impersonate individuals. This can lead to financial fraud, unauthorized transactions, and reputational damage. The increasing use of digital platforms for banking, shopping, and communication has made personal data more accessible and, consequently, more vulnerable. Data breaches are closely related to identity theft and represent a critical issue for organizations. A data breach occurs when confidential, sensitive, or protected information is accessed or disclosed without