Under Indian Patent Law, as governed by the Patents Act, 1970, an invention is defined as a new product or process involving an inventive step and capable of industrial application. For an invention to be patentable, it must satisfy three essential criteria: novelty, inventive step (non-obviousness), and industrial applicability. Novelty implies that the invention must not have been disclosed to the public anywhere in the world before the date of filing. Inventive step requires that the invention must not be obvious to a person skilled in the relevant field of technology. Industrial applicability means that the invention must be capable of being made or used in some kind of industry. Inventions that may be patented include new and useful products such as machines, manufactured articles, substances, or chemical compositions. For example, a newly developed pharmaceutical compound with enhanced efficacy, a novel mechanical device that improves productivity, or a new manufacturing process that reduces cost or waste can be patented if they meet the statutory requirements. Process inventions are also patentable if they provide a new method of producing a known or new product. Biotechnology inventions, such as genetically engineered microorganisms, are patentable subject to certain conditions and exclusions. Software-related inventions may be patented only if they demonstrate a technical application or technical effect, rather than being mere computer programs per se. Improvements or modifications to existing inventions can also be patented if they result in a significant technical advancement and are not obvious. For instance, an improvement in the design of a machine that increases efficiency or reduces energy consumption may qualify as a patentable invention. Similarly, new uses of known substances can sometimes be patented if they demonstrate enhanced efficacy, especially in the pharmaceutical sector, as clarified under Section 3(d) of the