The Paris Agreement on Climate Change, adopted in December 2015 at the 21st Conference of the Parties (COP21) under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), represents a landmark international accord aimed at addressing global warming and its associated impacts. It brought together almost all nations of the world to work collectively towards a sustainable future, marking a shift from the Kyoto Protocol’s binding top-down targets to a more flexible, bottom-up approach driven by national commitments. The Paris Agreement is widely regarded as a turning point in global climate governance because it set a universal framework for reducing greenhouse gas emissions while recognizing the diverse capacities and responsibilities of countries. Its features reflect a balance between ambition and practicality, with mechanisms for accountability, transparency, and long-term cooperation. One of the central features of the Paris Agreement is its long-term temperature goal. Countries agreed to hold the increase in global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit warming to 1.5°C. This inclusion of the 1.5°C target was particularly significant, as it acknowledged the demands of vulnerable nations such as small island states and least developed countries, for whom the impacts of warming beyond this level could be catastrophic. Scientific assessments highlighted that even half a degree of difference could have severe consequences on ecosystems, food security, water availability, and human health. Thus, the temperature goal became a rallying point for international cooperation. The Paris Agreement also introduced the concept of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). Unlike the Kyoto Protocol, which imposed legally binding emission reduction targets on developed nations, the Paris framework allowed each country to submit its own climate action plans tailored to its circumstances. These NDCs represent voluntary pledges outlining mitigation and adaptation efforts, with the expectation that they will be progressively more ambitious over time. This bottom-up approach enhanced participation, as almost every country submitted an NDC, thereby achieving near-universal coverage. The principle of progression ensures that each successive round of commitments will reflect advancements in technology, finance, and political will, avoiding stagnation in ambition. Another notable feature is the global stocktake mechanism. Every five years, beginning in 2023, countries will collectively assess progress towards achieving the Paris goals. This stocktake serves as a checkpoint to evaluate the adequacy of efforts and to encourage countries to raise the ambition of their NDCs. By fostering transparency and accountability, the stocktake helps create a cycle of continuous improvement. It does not impose sanctions for underperformance but relies on international peer pressure, reputational concerns, and domestic political accountability to drive compliance. Transparency is further reinforced through a robust reporting framework. Under the Paris Agreement, all countries must submit regular information on their emissions, mitigation actions, and support provided or received. The transparency system is designed to be flexible, taking into account the capacities of different nations, but also rigorous enough to ensure credibility. Developed countries are expected to lead in providing detailed reports, while developing countries receive capacity-building support to enhance their monitoring and reporting abilities. The transparency mechanism builds trust among parties and ensures that progress can be tracked in a measurable and comparable way. The principle