Magma is a complex molten rock material found beneath the Earth's surface, consisting primarily of a mixture of liquid, crystals, and dissolved gases. Its chemical and mineralogical composition varies widely depending on its source, tectonic setting, and processes such as partial melting, fractional crystallization, and assimilation. Understanding the composition of magma is fundamental in petrology as it influences the nature of igneous rocks formed upon cooling. Chemically, magma is primarily composed of eight major oxides: silicon dioxide (SiO₂), aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃), iron oxides (FeO and Fe₂O₃), calcium oxide (CaO), sodium oxide (Na₂O), potassium oxide (K₂O), magnesium oxide (MgO), and titanium dioxide (TiO₂). Silicon dioxide generally makes up the largest portion, often ranging from 40% to over 70% by weight, significantly influencing magma viscosity and crystallization behavior. Magmas are broadly classified based on their silica content into felsic (high SiO₂, >65%), intermediate (55-65%), mafic (45-55%), and ultramafic (<45%). In addition to these major elements, magma contains trace elements like manganese, phosphorus, and volatile components such as water