Question
Explain the biochemical basis of callus formation and plantlet regeneration
Answer :
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Callus formation and plantlet regeneration in plant tissue culture are fundamentally driven by biochemical and hormonal regulation. When an explant is placed on a nutrient medium containing appropriate concentrations of plant growth regulators, primarily auxins and cytokinins, it induces cellular dedifferentiation. Auxins, such as 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), stimulate cell division and elongation by activating proton pumps in the cell membrane, which acidify the cell wall and facilitate loosening for expansion. At the molecular level, auxins modulate the expression
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