Question
Explain how antibiotics have been used to elucidate the mechanism of translation and their clinical applications.
Answer :
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Antibiotics have played a crucial role in elucidating the mechanism of translation by selectively targeting different steps of protein synthesis, particularly in prokaryotes. Because bacterial ribosomes (70S, composed of 30S and 50S subunits) differ structurally from eukaryotic ribosomes (80S), many antibiotics specifically bind to bacterial ribosomal components, allowing researchers to dissect the stages of translation—initiation, elongation, and termination. For example, streptomycin binds to the 30S subunit and interferes with initiation complex formation while causing misreading of mRNA, demonstrating the importance of accurate codon–anticodon pairing. Tetracycline blocks the attachment of aminoacyl-tRNA to the A site of the ribosome, revealing the
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