IGNOU BNS 42 2026 - Explain breast lumps and discuss its causes, risk factors, signs

Question

Explain breast lumps and discuss its causes, risk factors, signs and symptoms intervention.

a) Discuss the Purposes and team for district early intervention

b) Reporting and monitoring.

01 Mar 2026

Answer :

Word Count : 756

Breast lumps are abnormal swellings or masses felt in the breast tissue. They may be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous) and are commonly encountered in primary health care settings. Early identification and appropriate referral are essential to reduce morbidity and mortality, especially in breast cancer. In primary health care, the approach to breast lumps includes history taking, clinical breast examination, health education, early detection, and timely referral to higher centers for diagnosis and management. The causes of breast lumps vary widely. Benign causes are more common and include fibroadenoma, which is a painless, firm, mobile lump often seen in young women; fibrocystic breast changes associated with hormonal fluctuations; breast cysts filled with fluid; mastitis, which is inflammation usually seen in lactating women; and breast abscess. Fat necrosis following trauma may also produce a lump. Malignant causes include breast carcinoma, which presents as a hard, irregular, usually painless mass. Other rare causes include lipoma and intraductal papilloma. Risk factors for developing breast lumps, especially malignant ones, include

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