In Systems Analysis and Design, design principles provide guidelines that help create efficient, maintainable, and user-friendly systems. Two important design principles are modularity and cohesion. Modularity refers to the principle of dividing a system into smaller, manageable, and independent modules or components. Each module performs a specific function and can be developed, tested, and maintained independently of other modules. Modularity improves system organization, reduces complexity, and enhances maintainability. For example, consider an online banking system. Instead of building one large program to handle all operations, the system can be divided into modules such as account management, transaction processing, loan management, and customer support. Each module can be designed separately and later integrated into the complete system. If a change is needed in the loan management module, it can be