The social reform movement in India during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was a response to the social, religious, and cultural challenges posed by colonial rule, internal decay, and the need for modernization. The period witnessed the emergence of a new awareness among Indians regarding issues such as caste discrimination, the position of women, education, religious orthodoxy, and social customs, which were seen as impediments to the progress of the society. Social reform in India cannot be understood separately from the Hindu Renaissance, as both phenomena were closely intertwined. The Hindu Renaissance refers to a period of intellectual awakening within Hindu society, characterized by a critical engagement with traditional religious practices and a reinterpretation of religious texts in the light of reason, morality, and modernity. The roots of social reform in India can be traced to the encounter with Western ideas brought by British colonial administration, Christian missionaries, and exposure to European education. Reformers began to question traditional practices such as sati, child marriage, polygamy, caste restrictions, untouchability, and the denial of education to women. They emphasized rationality, humanism, and ethical responsibility as guiding principles for social life. Raja Ram Mohan Roy is widely regarded as the pioneer of the social reform movement. His advocacy against sati, his promotion of widow remarriage, and his efforts to modernize Hindu religious thought by emphasizing monotheism and rational interpretation of scriptures laid the foundation for subsequent reformist initiatives. Roy’s vision combined a critique of social evils with an understanding that India needed to engage with global intellectual currents while preserving essential moral values. Following Roy, a host of reformers emerged, each contributing in distinct ways to the social and religious awakening. Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar focused on the upliftment of women, championing widow remarriage and women’s education. His work challenged orthodox Hindu society by insisting on the ethical responsibility of society toward widows, highlighting the incompatibility of social customs with moral and humane principles. Similarly, Jyotirao Phule in Maharashtra addressed caste oppression and the plight of the marginalized communities. Phule’s critique of Brahmanical dominance and his efforts to educate lower-caste children and promote women’s rights reflected the radical dimension of social reform, extending the movement beyond urban elites to the rural and oppressed sections of society. The Hindu Renaissance was not limited to social reforms but also encompassed religious and intellectual revival. Swami Vivekananda played a crucial role