Observation has traditionally been regarded as the foundation of empirical knowledge, but the idea of theory-dependence of observation challenges the assumption that observation is neutral and independent of prior beliefs. According to this view, what scientists or researchers observe is influenced by the theories, concepts, expectations, language, and background assumptions they already possess. Observation is therefore not merely a passive recording of facts but an active process shaped by intellectual frameworks. The concept gained prominence through philosophers of science such as Norwood Russell Hanson, Thomas S. Kuhn, and Paul Feyerabend. Hanson argued that "seeing is a theory-laden undertaking." Two observers looking at the same object may perceive it differently because they interpret sensory data through different conceptual schemes. For instance, an experienced astronomer and an ordinary person looking at the night sky do not observe the same reality in the same way. The astronomer identifies constellations, planetary movements, and celestial phenomena, while the ordinary observer merely sees scattered stars. Thomas Kuhn further developed this idea through his concept of paradigms. According to Kuhn, scientists working within different paradigms literally perceive scientific phenomena differently. During scientific revolutions, observations are interpreted according to competing theoretical frameworks, making communication between paradigms difficult. For example, supporters of the Ptolemaic and Copernican systems observed the same heavenly bodies but explained their movements differently because they operated within distinct theoretical assumptions. Paul Feyerabend extended the argument by