Management techniques are systematic methods and approaches used by managers to improve organisational performance, achieve objectives, solve problems and make effective use of available resources. Different organisations use different techniques according to their size, objectives, nature of work and business environment. Some important management techniques are: 1. Management by Objectives (MBO) – It involves setting clear and measurable objectives jointly by managers and employees and evaluating performance on the basis of these objectives. 2. Budgetary Control – It involves preparing budgets for income, expenditure and other activities and comparing actual performance with planned performance. 3. Break-Even Analysis – This technique determines the level of sales at which total revenue equals total cost and there is neither profit nor loss. 4. PERT (Programme Evaluation and Review Technique) – It is used for planning and controlling projects where the time required for different activities is uncertain. 5. CPM (Critical Path Method) – It helps managers identify the critical activities of a project and determine the minimum time required to complete it. 6. Decision Tree Analysis – It provides a graphical method for analysing alternative courses of action and their possible outcomes. 7. Management Information System (MIS) – It provides managers with relevant and timely information for planning, controlling and decision-making. 8. Statistical Quality Control – It uses statistical methods to monitor production processes and maintain consistent product quality. 9. Total Quality Management