Traditional commerce refers to the buying and selling of goods and services through physical markets, shops, offices, intermediaries, and face-to-face interactions. E-commerce, or electronic commerce, refers to the buying and selling of goods and services through electronic networks, especially the Internet. Both forms of commerce have the same basic objective of facilitating exchange between buyers and sellers, but they differ significantly in their methods, processes, reach, costs, and use of technology. Traditional commerce generally requires a physical location where business activities take place. Customers visit shops, markets, malls, or business offices to examine products and make purchases. For example, a customer buying clothes from a local retail store physically visits the store, selects the product, pays the seller, and usually takes the product home immediately. In e-commerce, the customer can purchase the same clothes through an online platform using a computer, smartphone, or tablet. The product is selected from a digital catalogue, payment is made electronically or through other available methods, and the product is delivered to the customer's location. One major difference between the two is the mode of interaction. Traditional commerce normally involves direct and personal interaction between buyers and sellers. Customers can communicate with salespersons, ask questions, inspect products, negotiate prices, and receive immediate assistance. E-commerce mainly involves digital interaction through websites, mobile applications, emails, chat systems, and social media. Although online customer support can provide assistance, the interaction is generally less personal than face-to-face communication. The geographical reach of traditional commerce is usually limited by the location of the business. A local shop primarily serves customers who can physically reach it, although businesses may expand through branches and distribution networks. E-commerce has a much wider geographical reach because businesses can display their products online to customers in different cities, states, and countries. A small business operating from a particular town can potentially sell its products to customers across the country or even internationally through an online marketplace or its own website.