The Universal Immunization Programme (UIP) is one of the largest public health initiatives in the world, implemented by the Government of India to provide free vaccination services to all eligible infants, children, and pregnant women. Launched in 1985 as an expansion of the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI), UIP aims to reduce morbidity and mortality caused by vaccine-preventable diseases. Under primary health care, immunization is a key preventive strategy that protects individuals and communities from infectious diseases and contributes significantly to improving child survival rates and maternal health. The objectives of UIP are to achieve high immunization coverage, prevent outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases, and reduce infant and maternal mortality rates. The programme is implemented through a vast network of primary health centers, sub-centers, community health centers, and outreach sessions in rural and urban areas. Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs), Auxiliary Nurse Midwives (ANMs), and other frontline health workers play a vital role in mobilizing beneficiaries, maintaining cold chain systems, administering vaccines, and ensuring proper documentation. UIP initially covered six diseases: tuberculosis, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, poliomyelitis, and measles. Over time, additional vaccines have been introduced to expand protection against more diseases such as hepatitis B, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), rotavirus diarrhea, pneumococcal disease, rubella, and Japanese encephalitis in endemic areas. Recently, vaccines like the Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV), Measles-Rubella (MR), and Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV) have strengthened disease prevention efforts. Mission Indradhanush was launched to increase full immunization coverage among children and pregnant women by focusing on low-coverage areas. The