Advanced water treatment plays a significant role in ensuring safe water supply, sanitation, and sustainability in smart cities. With rapid urbanization, population growth, industrial development, and increasing pollution of natural water resources, conventional water treatment methods are often insufficient to remove emerging contaminants and ensure high-quality water. Advanced water treatment aims to improve water quality by using sophisticated physical, chemical, and biological processes that can remove harmful pollutants, microorganisms, and difficult-to-treat substances from water. The primary purpose of advanced water treatment is to produce water that meets strict safety standards for drinking, industrial use, agricultural applications, and environmental protection. It helps remove contaminants such as dissolved salts, heavy metals, pharmaceutical residues, pesticides, organic compounds, pathogens, and other pollutants that may remain after conventional treatment. In smart cities, advanced treatment technologies support sustainable water management by enabling water recycling, reducing dependence on freshwater sources, and improving the efficiency of urban water systems. One major purpose of advanced water treatment is wastewater reclamation and reuse. Treated