Human geography has evolved as a distinct branch of knowledge through different phases, reflecting changing perspectives on the relationship between humans and their environment. Its progress can be broadly understood through three major periods: the early environmental determinism phase, the possibilism and regional approach phase, and the modern quantitative and critical phase. In the early period, particularly during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, human geography was dominated by environmental determinism. Geographers like Friedrich Ratzel and Ellen Churchill Semple argued that human activities, culture, and societal development were largely determined by the physical environment. Climate, terrain, and natural resources were seen as controlling factors shaping human behavior and settlement patterns. This period contributed significantly to the systematic study of human-environment relationships and led to the development of anthropogeography. However, it was later criticized for being overly simplistic and for neglecting human agency and cultural diversity. The second phase emerged as a reaction to environmental