IGNOU CHE 4 2018 - Briefly give various experimental methods for studying the reaction ra

Question

Briefly give various experimental methods for studying the reaction rates.

24 Jan 2018

Answer :

Word Count : 1011

Kinetics deals with rates of change, so as a preface to this section, it is useful to consider the range of times within which the study of chemical processes takes place. Prior to about 1945, the practical range for kinetic investigations began at about 103 sec and extended out to around 108 sec, this upper limit being governed by the length of time that a graduate student (who usually does the actual work) can expect to get a Ph.D. degree. The development of flash photolysis and flow methods in the mid-1940s moved the lower time limit down to the millisecond range. The most dramatic changes began to occur in the 1970s as the availablity of lasers capable of very short-lived pulses and fast electronics gradually opened up the study of reactions that are completed in nanoseconds, picoseconds, and even femtoseconds (10–15 sec).

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The basic way of obtaining the information needed to determine rate constants and reaction orders is to bring the reactants together and then measure successive changes in concentration of one of the components as a function of time. Two important requirements are

The time required to take a measurement must be very short compared to the time the reaction takes to run to completion;
The temperature must be held constant — something than can pose a problem if the reaction is highly exothermic

.Measuring the concentration of a reactant or product directly — that is by chemical analysis, is awkward and seldom necessary.

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