Modern Indian painting developed as a significant artistic movement during the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries, when Indian artists began to respond to changing social, political and cultural conditions. Its growth was closely connected with colonialism, the introduction of Western academic art education, the revival of Indian traditions, nationalism and increasing interaction with international artistic movements. During the British period, European academic realism became influential in Indian art. Art schools established in cities such as Calcutta, Bombay and Madras introduced European techniques such as perspective, anatomical accuracy, oil painting and realistic portraiture. Raja Ravi Varma played an important role in this transition. He combined European techniques with Indian themes, particularly episodes from the Ramayana, Mahabharata and Puranic traditions. His paintings made Indian mythological subjects popular through realistic representation and later through lithographic reproductions. At the beginning of the twentieth century, a reaction against Western academic art led to the Bengal School of Painting. Abanindranath Tagore became its leading figure. He attempted to revive Indian artistic traditions by drawing inspiration from Mughal, Rajput, Ajanta and other indigenous styles, while also incorporating elements from Japanese wash techniques. His famous painting “Bharat Mata” became associated with the