The frustration-aggression hypothesis is an important concept in psychology that explains the relationship between frustration and aggressive behavior. It was first proposed by John Dollard, Neal Miller, Leonard Doob, O. H. Mowrer, and Robert Sears in 1939. According to the original hypothesis, frustration always leads to some form of aggression, and aggression is always the result of frustration. Although later psychologists modified this strict interpretation, the theory remains highly influential in understanding human behavior. Frustration occurs when an individual's goal-directed behavior is blocked or prevented. People become frustrated when they are unable to achieve desired objectives due to obstacles, failures, delays, or external restrictions. The emotional tension created by frustration increases the likelihood of aggressive responses. Aggression refers to any behavior intended to harm another person, oneself, or an object, either physically or psychologically. The original frustration-aggression hypothesis states that whenever a person's efforts to reach a goal are blocked, frustration develops. This frustration creates an internal drive that motivates aggressive behavior. For example, a student who studies hard but fails an examination may become angry and express aggression by shouting, breaking objects, or blaming others. Similarly, an employee who is unfairly criticized by a supervisor may become aggressive toward family members after returning home because direct retaliation against the supervisor is not possible. One important concept related to this theory is displaced aggression. In many situations, people cannot express aggression toward the actual source of frustration because of fear, social rules, or unequal power relationships. Instead, they redirect their aggression toward a safer target. For example, a worker who is insulted by a