The caste system is one of the oldest forms of social stratification in India. It has historically determined an individual's social status, occupation, marriage, and access to resources. Although the Indian Constitution guarantees equality and prohibits caste-based discrimination, caste continues to influence various aspects of social, economic, political, and cultural life. As a basic social science concept, the caste system is understood as a hierarchical, hereditary, and closed system of social organization. One of the primary features of the caste system is hereditary membership. An individual is born into a particular caste, and this status generally remains unchanged throughout life. Unlike class, where mobility is possible through education or wealth, caste membership is determined by birth and is traditionally fixed. Another important feature is hierarchy. Castes are arranged in a graded order of social status. Traditionally, Brahmins occupied the highest position due to their religious functions, followed by Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras. Outside this traditional hierarchy were communities historically regarded as "untouchables," now constitutionally recognized as Scheduled Castes. This hierarchy shaped social prestige, privileges, and access to opportunities. The caste system is also characterized by endogamy, which means members are expected to marry within their own caste or sub-caste. Marriage outside one's caste has traditionally been discouraged and, in some places, continues to face social resistance. Endogamy helps preserve caste identity and continuity across generations. Another feature is the