The Marxian approach to development is one of the most influential perspectives for understanding social, economic, and historical change. It explains development primarily through the material conditions of society, modes of production, class relations, and conflicts between different social classes. According to Marx, changes in the productive forces and relations of production generate contradictions that eventually transform the existing social order. Although this approach has made a significant contribution to development sociology, it has been criticized on several theoretical and empirical grounds. One major criticism is that the Marxian approach gives excessive importance to economic factors. Marx placed economic structure and the mode of production at the centre of social transformation. Critics argue that development is not determined by economic forces alone. Political institutions, culture, religion, ideology, education, ethnicity, gender, technology, and environmental factors can also strongly influence the direction of social change. Thus, economic determinism is considered an important limitation of classical Marxian analysis. The Marxian prediction of inevitable class conflict and proletarian revolution has also been questioned. Marx anticipated that capitalist development would intensify the conflict between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat and ultimately lead to the collapse of capitalism. However, capitalism has demonstrated considerable capacity for adaptation and survival. Labour laws, welfare policies, trade unions, democratic institutions, social security systems, and collective bargaining have reduced