Question
Discuss practical situations where Bernoulli's theorem fails. How are losses accounted for in real flows?
Answer :
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Bernoulli’s theorem is based on the assumption of ideal fluid flow where the fluid is incompressible, non-viscous, and the flow is steady along a streamline. In practical situations, these assumptions are rarely satisfied, leading to the failure of Bernoulli’s equation. One major situation where Bernoulli’s theorem fails is in flows involving significant viscosity. In real fluids, internal friction or viscosity causes energy dissipation in the form of heat, which is not considered in Bernoulli’s equation. Therefore, the theorem cannot accurately describe flows through long pipes, narrow passages, or porous media. Another practical case is turbulent flow. In turbulent
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