The protection of privacy in India has evolved gradually through constitutional interpretation, statutory enactments, and judicial pronouncements. Although the Constitution of India did not originally contain an explicit provision on privacy, the judiciary has played a pivotal role in recognizing and expanding privacy as a fundamental right, while the legislature has introduced sector-specific and comprehensive data protection frameworks to address contemporary challenges arising from digitization, surveillance, and data-driven governance. The constitutional foundation of privacy in India is primarily rooted in Article 21, which guarantees the right to life and personal liberty. In the early years, the Supreme Court adopted a narrow view of privacy, as seen in cases such as M.P. Sharma v. Satish Chandra and Kharak Singh v. State of Uttar Pradesh, where privacy was not recognized as an independent fundamental right. However, over time, judicial interpretation expanded the scope of Article 21 to include various facets of personal autonomy, dignity, and liberty. This culminated in the landmark judgment of Justice K.S. Puttaswamy (Retd.) v. Union