Companies require capital for various purposes, including expansion, working capital needs, research and development, and debt repayment. Raising capital is a critical strategic decision for companies, as the choice of source affects their financial stability, cost of funds, ownership structure, and long-term growth prospects. Capital can be broadly classified into two main types: equity capital and debt capital. Equity capital represents ownership in the company, while debt capital refers to borrowed funds that need to be repaid with interest. Within these broad categories, there are multiple sources through which companies can raise funds, each with its distinct advantages and disadvantages. One of the primary sources of raising capital is equity financing through public issuance of shares. When a company offers its shares to the public in the primary market via an Initial Public Offering (IPO), it raises funds from investors who in return gain ownership stakes. This method allows the company to access large amounts of capital without the obligation to repay, unlike debt financing. An IPO also enhances the company’s public profile and credibility, which may facilitate future fundraising. However, issuing shares publicly involves significant regulatory compliance, high costs such as underwriting and listing fees, and the potential dilution of control for existing shareholders. Additionally, shareholders expect returns in the form of dividends or capital gains, and the company’s financial performance is closely scrutinized by the market, increasing pressure on management. Another variant of equity financing is private placement of shares, in