Environmental protest movements are collective forms of action through which people express opposition to environmental destruction, ecological injustice, displacement, pollution, and unsustainable development. From the perspective of environmental anthropology, these movements are important because they demonstrate the complex relationship between human societies, cultures, political institutions, economies, and the natural environment. Environmental protests are not simply struggles to protect forests, rivers, land, wildlife, or other natural resources; they are also struggles over livelihood, identity, rights, access to resources, cultural survival, and control over nature. They reveal how different communities understand and experience environmental change in different ways. Environmental protest movements developed significantly during the twentieth century alongside industrialisation, urbanisation, large-scale mining, dam construction, deforestation, pollution, and the expansion of commercial agriculture. The rapid exploitation of natural resources created conflicts between governments, corporations, conservation agencies, and local communities. Environmental anthropology studies these conflicts by examining how environmental problems are socially and culturally produced and how communities respond to them through collective action. One of the most important characteristics of environmental protest movements is their connection with local livelihood systems. Indigenous peoples, forest-dependent communities, farmers, fishers, and pastoralists often depend directly on ecosystems for food, fuel, water, medicine, shelter, and income. When forests are cleared, rivers are polluted, or land is acquired for industrial projects, environmental degradation directly threatens their survival. Consequently, environmental protest often becomes a movement for livelihood protection and social justice. The Chipko Movement in India is a major example. It began in the Himalayan region of Uttarakhand in the 1970s, where local villagers opposed commercial logging. Women played a particularly significant role by embracing or hugging trees to prevent them from being cut. The movement demonstrated that forests were