A hazard refers to a potentially harmful event, condition, or substance that has the capacity to cause injury, illness, loss of life, property damage, environmental degradation, or disruption of social and economic activities. Hazards may arise from natural processes such as earthquakes, floods, cyclones, and landslides, or from human activities such as industrial accidents, chemical leaks, radiation exposure, unsafe machinery, poor workplace ergonomics, and pollution. Hazards exist as latent threats and do not necessarily cause damage unless they interact with vulnerable populations or environments. In contrast, a disaster is the actual realization of a hazard that results in significant adverse consequences beyond the coping capacity of the affected community or system. A disaster involves serious disruption of normal functioning, leading to human suffering, economic loss, environmental damage, and often the need for external assistance for recovery. Thus, while a hazard represents a potential source of harm, a disaster represents the outcome when that hazard impacts vulnerable elements and causes widespread damage. The difference between hazard and disaster can be understood through several dimensions. First, hazards are potential events or conditions, whereas disasters are actual occurrences with measurable impacts. Second, hazards may exist without causing immediate harm, but disasters involve real damage to life, property, and the environment. Third, hazards can