The question of whether colonialism shaped the perceptions of caste in India requires an understanding of the fact that caste existed long before British rule, but colonialism significantly altered the ways in which caste was classified, recorded, interpreted and represented. Pre-colonial Indian society contained complex systems of caste, occupation, status and social hierarchy, which varied across regions and historical periods. The colonial state did not create caste from nothing; however, its administrative practices, intellectual interpretations and legal institutions transformed fluid and locally varied social identities into more rigid and standardized categories. Thus, colonialism played an important role in reshaping perceptions of caste, both among colonial rulers and among Indians themselves. In ancient and early medieval India, social organization was often discussed through the concepts of varna and jati. The fourfold varna model—Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya and Shudra—provided a broad ideological framework, while actual social life was organized through numerous jatis with different occupations, customs and regional identities. The relationship between varna and jati was not uniform throughout India. Many communities occupied ambiguous positions in the social hierarchy and attempted to improve their status through changes in occupation, ritual practices, political power and claims of higher social origin. In different regions, local political conditions also influenced caste relationships. Therefore, caste identities before colonial rule were neither completely uniform nor entirely static. The arrival and expansion of European colonialism introduced a new way of looking at Indian society. British administrators and Orientalist scholars attempted to understand Indian society through European intellectual categories. They frequently relied upon Sanskrit texts, particularly texts dealing with varna and social duties, and sometimes treated these texts as if they represented the actual organization of Indian society as a whole.