IGNOU BCS 41 2026 - Describe the TCP/IP reference model. Explain the responsibilitie

Question

Describe the TCP/IP reference model. Explain the responsibilities of each layer and mention at least two commonly used protocols associated with every layer.

14 Feb 2026

Answer :

Word Count : 320

The TCP/IP reference model is a widely used conceptual framework for understanding how data is transmitted over computer networks. It was developed to support communication over interconnected networks and forms the foundation of the modern Internet. The model is organized into four layers, each responsible for specific networking functions that work together to enable reliable communication between devices. The first layer is the Network Access Layer, which is responsible for physical transmission of data and interaction with network hardware. It handles framing, addressing, and error detection on the local network. This layer ensures that data can be sent across physical media such as cables or wireless

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