Counselling in the context of HIV involves several practical issues that require sensitivity, ethical awareness, and strong communication skills. One of the most important issues is maintaining confidentiality. Clients often fear stigma and discrimination, and any breach of privacy can lead to serious social and psychological consequences. Counsellors must ensure that all information shared remains secure and only disclosed with informed consent. Closely related is the issue of informed consent itself, especially before HIV testing. Clients should clearly understand the purpose, benefits, risks, and implications of testing so that their decision is voluntary and well-informed. Another practical concern is dealing with emotional reactions. Clients may experience shock, denial, anger, fear, guilt, or depression upon learning their HIV status. The counsellor must be prepared to handle these reactions with empathy and patience. Active listening, non-judgmental responses, and providing emotional support are essential. Counsellors should avoid overwhelming clients with too much information at once and