Parkinson’s disease is a chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects movement control. It is characterized by a combination of motor and non-motor symptoms, which arise due to the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, a region of the midbrain responsible for producing dopamine. Dopamine is a critical neurotransmitter that regulates motor function, coordination, and balance. The depletion of dopamine leads to the hallmark motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease, including tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia (slowness of movement), and postural instability. At the molecular level, Parkinson’s disease involves multiple mechanisms contributing to neuronal dysfunction and death. One key factor is the accumulation of misfolded α-synuclein protein, which aggregates to form Lewy bodies within neurons. These inclusions interfere with normal cellular processes, including protein degradation pathways, mitochondrial function, and synaptic transmission. The failure of the ubiquitin-proteasome system and autophagy to efficiently clear damaged proteins exacerbates neuronal stress and promotes progressive neurodegeneration. Oxidative stress also plays a critical role, as reactive oxygen species generated during mitochondrial dysfunction can damage DNA, proteins,