Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) is a systematic process used in health programmes to assess whether planned activities are implemented effectively, resources are utilized efficiently, and intended health outcomes are achieved. It enables programme managers, policymakers, healthcare providers, and funding agencies to measure progress, identify challenges, and make informed decisions for continuous improvement. In operations management in health care, M&E ensures that healthcare services are delivered efficiently while maintaining quality, accessibility, and accountability. Monitoring is the continuous and routine collection, analysis, and reporting of information related to programme implementation. It focuses on tracking inputs, activities, outputs, and immediate results. Monitoring helps determine whether the programme is progressing according to the planned schedule and whether resources such as staff, equipment, medicines, and finances are being utilized appropriately. It provides timely information that allows managers to identify operational problems and take corrective action before they become major issues. Evaluation is a systematic assessment conducted periodically to determine the relevance, efficiency, effectiveness, impact, and sustainability of a health programme. Unlike monitoring, which is continuous, evaluation is conducted at specific stages such as mid-term or after programme completion. Evaluation examines whether programme objectives have been achieved and whether the intervention has produced meaningful improvements in health outcomes. It also assesses whether the programme should be continued, modified, expanded, or discontinued. The monitoring and evaluation process begins with planning. Programme objectives, expected outcomes, indicators, data sources, responsibilities, and timelines are clearly defined. Indicators may include input indicators such as budget allocation and staff availability, process indicators such as the number of training sessions conducted, output indicators such as