Social movements are organized and sustained collective efforts by groups of people seeking to bring about, resist, or reverse social, political, economic, cultural, or environmental change. They emerge when people perceive existing institutions or public policies as inadequate in addressing their grievances or aspirations. In the context of public policy, social movements play a significant role in influencing agenda-setting, policy formulation, implementation, and evaluation. Their characteristics distinguish them from spontaneous protests, political parties, and formal interest groups. One of the primary characteristics of a social movement is its collective nature. It involves the participation of a large number of individuals or groups who share common concerns and work together to achieve specific objectives. Collective action enables people to mobilize resources, influence public opinion, and exert pressure on policymakers. Another important characteristic is the presence of a shared ideology or common objective. Members of a social movement are united by common beliefs, values, or goals. These may include demands for social justice, environmental protection, gender equality, human rights, democratic reforms, or economic redistribution. This shared vision provides direction and cohesion to the movement. Social movements are generally organized, though the degree of organization may vary. Some movements have formal leadership structures, registered organizations, and established communication networks, while others