Cognitive Behavioural Therapies (CBTs) are widely used interventions in counselling because they focus on the relationship between thoughts, emotions and behaviours. The basic assumption is that maladaptive thoughts and beliefs can contribute to emotional difficulties and unhealthy behaviours. By identifying and modifying these patterns, individuals can develop more realistic thinking, effective coping skills and healthier behaviours. CBT has applications in a variety of settings, including clinical, educational, community, workplace and rehabilitation settings. In clinical and mental health settings, CBT is commonly used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, phobias, panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder and stress-related problems. Counsellors help clients identify negative automatic thoughts and cognitive distortions and examine the evidence supporting them. Techniques such as cognitive restructuring, behavioural activation, exposure, relaxation training and problem-solving are used according to the client's needs. For example, a person with social anxiety may gradually face feared social situations while challenging the belief that others will always judge them negatively. CBT is also useful in medical and healthcare settings. People dealing with chronic pain, insomnia, obesity, diabetes and other long-term health conditions may experience unhelpful thoughts and behaviours that interfere