Coal is a sedimentary organic rock formed primarily from the remains of ancient vegetation subjected to physical and chemical changes over millions of years under conditions of high pressure and temperature. The origin of coal can be traced back to the Carboniferous period in some parts of the world, but in India, most coal deposits were formed during the Gondwana period, approximately 250 to 300 million years ago, and some Tertiary coals formed during the Eocene to Miocene epochs. The process of coal formation begins with the accumulation of plant debris in swampy, waterlogged conditions, which prevents complete decay. This plant material, known as peat, undergoes compaction and chemical alteration over geological time, gradually transforming into lignite, sub-bituminous, bituminous, and finally anthracite coal, depending on the degree of carbonization and metamorphism. Coal formation is influenced by factors such as climate, vegetation type, topography, and the presence of stagnant water bodies which help preserve the organic matter. In India, the mode of occurrence of coal is predominantly stratified within sedimentary