Social change refers to the transformation of social structures, institutions, values, norms, relationships, and patterns of behaviour over a period of time. It is a continuous and universal process that affects every society, although the pace and direction of change differ across cultures and historical periods. Social change may occur due to technological innovations, economic development, political reforms, demographic shifts, education, urbanization, industrialization, globalization, and cultural interactions. It may be gradual or rapid, planned or unplanned, and progressive or regressive. Sociologists such as Auguste Comte, Karl Marx, Max Weber, and Emile Durkheim have explained social change from different perspectives, emphasizing factors like economic conditions, ideas, technology, and social solidarity. Modernization is considered one of the major forms of social change, especially in developing societies, as it transforms traditional social systems into modern and dynamic ones. Modernization refers to the process through which societies adopt advanced technologies, scientific knowledge, rational thinking, democratic institutions, and modern economic systems. It involves a transition from traditional ways of life to more developed and industrialized forms of organization. The process of modernization can be understood through five important ways. The first way is technological modernization. Technology plays a crucial role