Science and technology indicators are quantitative or qualitative measures used to describe, assess and monitor the development, performance and impact of scientific research and technological activities. They provide systematic information about the resources devoted to science and technology, the processes through which research is conducted, and the outputs and outcomes generated from these activities. In Informetrics and Scientometrics, such indicators are particularly important because they help in the measurement of scientific productivity, research performance, collaboration, impact and technological development. Science and technology indicators can be broadly classified into several types. 1. Input Indicators: Input indicators measure the resources invested in scientific and technological activities. They indicate the capacity of a country, institution or organization to undertake research and development. Important examples include expenditure on research and development (R&D), number of scientists and researchers, technical personnel, research laboratories, research equipment and institutional infrastructure. R&D expenditure as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and the number of researchers per thousand people are commonly used input indicators. 2. Output Indicators: Output indicators measure the immediate results produced from scientific and technological activities. Scientific publications are one of the most important output indicators. The number of research papers, books, conference proceedings, technical reports, patents and other scholarly documents can be used to assess