Define runoff. Explain the climatic and physiographic factors affect the runoff rate and volume.
Runoff is the movement of landwater to the oceans, chiefly in the form of rivers, lakes, and streams. Runoff consists of precipitation that neither evaporates, transpires nor penetrates the surface to become groundwater. Even the smallest streams are connected to larger rivers that carry billions of gallons of water into oceans worldwide.
Excess runoff can lead to flooding, which occurs when there is too much precipitation.
The runoff rate and its volume from an area, mainly in influenced by following tow factors:
a) Climatic factors and
b) Physiographic factors
Factors Affecting Runoff - Climatic Factors:
The climatic factors of the watershed affecting the runoff are mainly associated with the characteristics of precipitation, which include.
1. Type of precipitation
2. Rainfall intensity
3. Forms of precipitation
4. Duration of rainfall
5. Rainfall distribution
6. Direction of
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