‘Green Imperialism’ refers to the way in which European imperial powers used, controlled, transformed, and exploited the natural environment of their colonies in order to serve imperial economic and political interests. The concept highlights the close relationship between colonialism and environmental change. European expansion was not limited to the conquest of territories and peoples; it also involved the appropriation of forests, minerals, agricultural land, water, wildlife, and other natural resources. Colonial governments introduced new forms of land use, commercial agriculture, forestry, mining, and conservation that profoundly altered existing ecological systems. Thus, Green Imperialism can be understood as the environmental dimension of European imperialism. The idea became particularly important with the expansion of European colonial rule during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. European powers claimed that they were bringing progress, scientific knowledge, modern agriculture, and rational resource management to their colonies. In reality, these policies frequently subordinated local ecological practices to the requirements of colonial economies. Natural resources were reorganised according to the needs of European industries and international markets. Forests were converted into sources of timber, plantations were established for export crops, and large areas of land were brought under state control. The attitude of European colonialism towards the environment was therefore largely utilitarian. Nature was commonly viewed as a resource that could be measured, classified, controlled, and exploited for economic benefit. Colonial administrations developed scientific forestry, land surveys, botanical studies, irrigation schemes, and systems of resource management. These activities were presented as evidence of rational and scientific government. However, they also strengthened colonial control over land and natural resources. Forests provide one of the clearest examples of Green Imperialism. European powers regarded tropical forests as economically valuable resources. In British India, for instance, colonial officials introduced scientific forestry to regulate forests and increase the production of commercially useful timber. Large quantities of timber were required for railways, shipbuilding, construction, and other imperial activities. The colonial state increasingly claimed ownership or control over forests and restricted traditional practices such as shifting cultivation, grazing, collection of firewood, and hunting. Consequently, communities that had depended upon forests for generations often lost access to resources that were essential to their livelihoods. The transformation of forests also occurred in other colonies. In Southeast Asia, Africa, and Latin America, European colonial governments and companies promoted the