Question
Define DNA polymorphism? Examine any two techniques used in molecular genetics.
Answer :
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DNA polymorphism refers to the occurrence of variations in the DNA sequence among individuals of the same species. These variations arise due to changes in one or more nucleotides in the DNA and are inherited from one generation to another. A DNA polymorphism is considered significant when the least common variant occurs in more than 1% of the population. Such variations do not necessarily cause disease; instead, they contribute to genetic diversity and provide valuable markers for studying inheritance, evolution, population history, and relationships among different human groups. In comparative ethnography, DNA polymorphism is an essential tool for understanding the biological affinities, migration patterns, and evolutionary relationships of populations. It enables anthropologists to compare genetic similarities and differences among ethnic groups and reconstruct their historical origins. DNA polymorphisms are classified into different types, including Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs), Variable Number Tandem Repeats (VNTRs), Short Tandem Repeats (STRs), insertions, deletions, and copy number variations. These genetic markers are widely used in forensic science, medical genetics, biodiversity studies, and anthropological research. Molecular genetic techniques help detect these polymorphisms accurately and efficiently. One important technique used in molecular genetics is Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). PCR is a laboratory method developed by Kary Mullis in 1983 to amplify
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