Explain the Two-Phase Locking (2PL) protocol. Discuss how it ensures consistency in multi-user
analytical environments. Can deadlocks still occur? Explain with a suitable example.
Time T1 T2
t1 READ(X)
t2 X = X + 50
t3 READ(X)
t4 X = X * 1.2
t5 WRITE(X)
t6 WRITE(X)

) Log-Based Recovery and Checkpointing in Data-Intensive Systems

 Query Optimization Techniques for Analytical Queries

Explain the following concepts with respect to the relational data model, giving one data-science–
oriented example for each:
 Candidate Key
 Functional Dependency
 Referential Integrity
 Selection Operation
 Projection Operation

 Decompose the above relation into 2NF and 3NF, explaining each step clearly.

 Explain the importance of indexes in analytical databases. Differentiate between primary index,
secondary index, and clustering index with suitable examples.
Question 2: Data Normalization, Dependencies, and SQL for Analytics

Compute the final value of X (assume initial X = 100).
(ii) Determine whether the schedule is serializable.
(iii) Identify the concurrency issue involved and explain its impact on analytics accuracy.