De scribe the modern methods employed for the exploration of natural resources
The life cycle of mining begins with exploration, continues through production, and ends with closure and postmining land use. New technologies can benefit the mining industry and consumers in all stages of this life cycle. This report does not include downstream processing, such as smelting of mineral concentrates or refining of metals. The discussion is limited to the technologies that affect steps leading to the sale of the first commercial product after extraction.
The three major components of mining (exploration, mining, and processing) overlap somewhat. After a mineral deposit has been identified through exploration, the industry must make a considerable investment in mine development before production begins. Further exploration near the deposit and further development drilling within the deposit are done while the mining is ongoing. Comminution (i.e., the breaking of rock to facilitate the separation of ore minerals from waste) combines blasting (a unit process of mining) with crushing and grinding (processing steps). In-situ mining, which is treated under a separate heading in this chapter, is a special case that combines aspects of mining and processing but does not require the excavation, comminution, and waste disposal steps. The major components can also be combined innovatively, such as when in-situ leaching of copper is undertaken after conventional mining has rubblized ore in underground block-caving operations.
Modern mineral exploration has been driven largely by technology. Many mineral discoveries since the 1950s can be attributed to geophysical and geochemical technologies developed by both industry and government. Even though industrial investment in in-house exploration research and development in the United States decreased during the 1990s, new technologies, such as tomographic imaging (developed by the medical community) and GPS (developed by the defense community), were newly applied to mineral exploration. Research in basic geological sciences, geophysical and geochemical methods, and drilling technologies could improve the effectiveness and productivity of mineral exploration. These fields sometimes overlap, and developments in one area are likely to cross-fertilize research and development in other areas.
Underlying physical and chemical processes of formation are common to many metallic and nonmetallic ore deposits. A good deal of data is
_______ _____ _______ __________ ___ _______ __________ ______ ________ ____ __________.
_______ _______ ______ ________ ___ _____ _____ _________ ________.
______ ____ ____ ___ ___ _______ ____ _________.
____ ___ __________ ______ ________ _________ ___ ___.
________ __________ ___ ______ _____ ______ _________.
________ _________ ___ ______ ___ __________.
______ ____ __________ _______ __________ _________ __________ ____ ________.
_______ ________ __________ ________ _________ _______ ________ __________ _________ _________ ________ ___.
____ _____ ________ ______ ___ __________ ______ _____ ______.
_________ ___ _______ _________ _________ ______ ________ __________ _______.
_____ ___ ____ ________ _____ ____ ____ __________.
__________ __________ ______ ________ __________.
______ _______ _____ _____ ___ _____ ______ _________ _____ ____ ________ _____.
____ ___ ____ _________ ________.
________ _________ ___ _________ ______ ________ ___ ________ ________ _______.
_____ _______ _________ ________ ______ ___ ____.
____ ________ _______ _____ _____ ______ _______.
_______ ________ _______ _______ ____.
________ ______ _______ ______ _________ ____.
________ ___ ________ _____ ____ ______ _______ ________ ____ ______.
________ _________ ___ _______ _________ ______ _______ ______ __________ _____ ________ __________.
_________ ___ _______ ______ __________ _________.
___ __________ ________ __________ ________ _______ __________.
___ _______ _________ ______ __________ ______ ________ ______ _________ ________ __________ _______.
__________ __________ __________ ________ __________ _______ ______ __________ __________ _________ _________ ______.
____ _________ ___ __________ ________ ________ _____ ___ _________ __________.
____ ______ _________ _________ ____ ______ ___ ___.
__________ __________ ______ __________ _____.
___ ______ _____ ______ ____ __________ _______ _____ ___ _________ _________.
________ _______ __________ ___ _______ _____.
_________ _______ _________ _______ ______ ______.
__________ ________ ___ _______ ___ ___ ___.
__________ _________ ____ _________ _______.
___ _____ _______ __________ ________ _____ ____ _____ _____ _______ _______ ________.
_____ ______ ____ ____ ___ ______ ___ ________ _______ ____.
___ ____ _____ ____ __________ _____.
______ ______ _________ _______ _______ _____ _____ __________ ___ _______ ________ ______.
_____ _________ _____ __________ ______ _______ __________ ___.
_______ ____ ______ ____ ________.
_________ _______ ______ ______ ______ _____ ____ ____ _________ _______ ______ ____.
___ _______ __________ ____ _______ ___.
______ ______ ____ ____ ______ _______.
______ ____ _______ _____ ______ __________ _________ _______ ______ _______.
________ _______ __________ ________ _____ _____.
________ _______ ____ ______ _________ ____ ______ ______ _______ ________.
________ _____ _________ ____ _____ ___ ___ ________ __________ _______ ______ ______.
________ ____ ________ __________ ________.
_______ ________ ____ ___ ______ __________ _____ ________ _______ _____ _____ ___.
__________ ___ ________ ____ ____ ____ _______ ______ _________ _____ ____ ________.
__________ _______ ____ ________ _______ _____ ___ ________ ______.
___ _______ ______ _____ ____ _____ ____ ___.
_____ __________ ___ ________ _________.
_________ ______ _______ __________ ______ ___ ________ __________ _________ _________ _______.
___ _________ ____ _______ ____.
_________ ___ _________ __________ ____ ___ ________ _____.
____ _____ ____ _______ ___ ___ ____ _______ ______.
____ __________ ___ _________ _______ __________ ___ __________ ________ ______ _________ _______.
___ _________ ____ ______ _____ ____ ____ ___.
___ ________ ___ ________ _________ _________ _____ ___.
__________ ___ _______ _____ ____ ___.
____ _______ ___ _____ _______ _____.
________ _______ _________ _____ ___.
_________ __________ ___ _______ ___ _____ _____ _________ ________.
___ _________ ______ ___ ________ _______.
__________ ___ __________ ____ ____ __________ _________ ____ _____ ____ ________ ___.
________ ___ ________ ____ ___ ____ _______ __________.
__________ _______ ________ _________ _____ _______ ________ _________ _________.
_______ ______ ___ _______ _________ ___ ______ ____ ___ ________ ___.
________ __________ _________ _____ ________ __________ __________ __________ _________ ____ _____.
_______ _______ _________ ______ ____ ________.
________ _____ ______ ______ ___ ___.
___ _________ ____ __________ ________ _______ ____ ______ _____ ____ _______ _____.
_________ _____ __________ ________ __________ __________ _____ ____ ______ ____ ___ ___.
________ __________ _______ ___ _________ ______ _____ _______ _________ __________ _________ ___.
________ _________ _______ _________ ___ _______ ____ ______ ___ ________ __________ ___.
_________ ___ _______ _______ ____ ______ ________.
_______ ____ ____ _____ _____ ______ _____ ________ _________ _________ ______ _________.
__________ __________ ___ ____ ________ ______ ______ _____.
________ _________ _________ ___ ___ ___ _________.
_____ ____ ____ ___ ______ __________ _________ ________ __________ __________ ______ ______.
_____ _________ ___ __________ _______ _______ ______ ________ ______.
________ ______ ______ _____ ____.
________ _________ ___ ____ ___.
__________ _______ ___ _______ _______ ________ ___ _________ ___ ______.
______ ____ ____ ___ __________ _________ __________ __________ _____.
____ _____ ________ ____ ________.
- Solved Assignments
- Study Notes
- Guess Papers
- Question Papers
✓ Unlock up to 60% of the answer
✓ No payment required