Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, commonly known as Darwinism, is one of the most significant contributions to biological anthropology. Proposed in 1859 through his famous book *On the Origin of Species*, Darwinism explains how living organisms evolve over time through the process of natural selection. It provides a scientific explanation for the origin of species and the diversity of life on Earth. Biological anthropology relies heavily on Darwinism to understand the evolution of humans, their ancestors, and their biological relationship with other primates. Darwin developed his theory after years of observation and research, particularly during his voyage on HMS Beagle. He observed variations among species living in different geographical regions, especially the finches of the Galápagos Islands. These observations led him to conclude that species are not fixed but change gradually over generations in response to environmental conditions. Darwinism is based on several fundamental principles. The first principle is overproduction. Every species produces more offspring than can survive because the reproductive capacity of organisms exceeds the available resources. If all offspring survived and reproduced, populations would increase enormously. The second principle is the struggle for existence. Since food, shelter, and other resources