Peace building is often understood as a long-term process that addresses the root causes of conflict and lays the foundation for sustainable harmony in societies. It goes beyond immediate conflict resolution and extends into transforming relationships, institutions, and social structures that may perpetuate violence. While peace building has gained wide recognition in academic, policy, and grassroots contexts, it continues to face a range of structural challenges that undermine its effectiveness. These challenges are deeply embedded in political, economic, social, and cultural systems, making them complex and persistent. A critical examination of these obstacles reveals not only the barriers to peace building but also the need for more inclusive, transformative, and context-specific approaches. One of the central structural challenges to peace building lies in weak governance and political instability. In many post-conflict societies, the state lacks legitimacy, and government institutions may be fragmented, corrupt, or dominated by elites. Such conditions undermine efforts to establish the rule of law and deliver justice to victims of violence. Instead of serving as neutral arbiters, governments often perpetuate existing divisions, favoring certain groups while marginalizing others. This imbalance fosters resentment, fuels cycles of violence, and prevents reconciliation. Moreover, when political institutions are fragile, peace agreements risk collapsing because they depend on structures that cannot sustain implementation. The absence of inclusive political participation further alienates vulnerable communities, creating conditions where peace is neither stable nor durable. Economic inequality is another structural barrier that complicates peace building. In societies emerging from conflict, resources are often distributed unevenly, with wealth concentrated in the hands of elites while the majority remain impoverished. Unequal access to land, jobs, and basic services such as health and education reinforces perceptions of injustice and exclusion. These economic grievances frequently serve as triggers for renewed conflict, as marginalized groups see little incentive to support a peace process that does not address their material needs. International actors often focus on macroeconomic recovery and infrastructure rebuilding but may neglect grassroots economic empowerment. Without tackling structural inequality, peace initiatives risk being superficial, benefiting only a small portion of society while leaving deeper tensions unresolved. Closely related to economic inequality is the challenge of social exclusion and identity-based divisions. Ethnicity, religion, language, and cultural identity frequently serve as fault lines in conflict, and peace building becomes difficult when these divisions remain institutionalized. Marginalized groups often find their histories, narratives, and grievances ignored in peace processes dominated by powerful actors. This exclusion reproduces the very dynamics of conflict and prevents the development