Alienation is one of the most significant concepts in sociology, particularly associated with the works of Karl Marx. It refers to a condition in which individuals become separated or estranged from their work, the products they create, fellow human beings, society, and even their own human potential. Although the idea existed in philosophy before Marx, he transformed it into a sociological concept by explaining how economic systems, especially capitalism, create conditions that distance people from meaningful social and productive life. Alienation has since become an important framework for understanding modern industrial society and the challenges faced by individuals in different social settings. Marx argued that under capitalism, workers do not own the means of production. They are compelled to sell their labour power in exchange for wages. Since the products they create belong to the capitalist, workers lose control over the outcome of their labour. This creates a sense of powerlessness and dissatisfaction. Labour becomes merely a means of survival rather than a creative and fulfilling activity. As a result, workers become alienated from their own work and from themselves. Marx identified four major dimensions of alienation. The first is alienation from the product of labour. Workers produce goods, but these goods belong to the capitalist and are sold for profit. The worker has no ownership or control over the final product. The second is alienation from the process of production. Workers perform repetitive and monotonous tasks under strict supervision, leaving little room for creativity or decision-making. The third dimension is alienation from fellow workers. Capitalism encourages competition rather than cooperation, weakening social bonds and collective identity among workers. The fourth dimension is alienation from one's species-being or human essence. Human beings are naturally creative and social, but exploitative labour