The field of International Relations (IR) has long grappled with the implications of globalization, a complex and multifaceted process that challenges traditional theoretical frameworks. Theories such as realism, liberalism, and constructivism have provided valuable insights, yet they encounter significant challenges when attempting to explain globalization's dynamics, complexities, and consequences.

Challenge to Realism:
Realism, with its focus on state sovereignty, power politics, and an anarchic international system, struggles to fully account for globalization's impact. Globalization has eroded the primacy of the state by fostering the rise of non-state actors, including multinational corporations, international organizations, and transnational advocacy networks. These actors wield significant influence in global affairs, diluting the centrality of states as the sole actors in international politics. Furthermore, issues such as global economic interdependence, climate change, and pandemics transcend national borders and cannot be adequately addressed through the lens of zero-sum competition or the pursuit of national security alone.

Challenge to Liberalism:
Liberalism emphasizes cooperation, economic interdependence, and the role of international institutions in mitigating conflict. While liberalism provides a more accommodating framework for analyzing