Climate change represents one of the most pressing global challenges of the 21st century, with far-reaching consequences across multiple sectors. The complex and interconnected nature of climate systems, combined with the increasing frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, has made vulnerability assessment a critical tool for identifying risks and planning adaptive strategies. Vulnerability assessment refers to the process of evaluating the susceptibility of social, economic, and environmental systems to harm due to climate-related hazards. However, climate change poses significant challenges to such assessments, particularly in sectors like human health, infrastructure, agriculture, and biodiversity, each of which faces unique risks and uncertainties. In the domain of human health, climate change intensifies vulnerability through several pathways. Rising global temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, and the increased frequency of extreme events such as heatwaves, floods, and storms directly affect health outcomes. For instance, heatwaves can lead to heat stress, dehydration, and mortality, particularly among vulnerable populations such as the elderly, children, and those with pre-existing health conditions. Vector-borne diseases, such as malaria, dengue, and Zika virus, are also expected to expand their geographical range as warmer temperatures allow disease-carrying mosquitoes to thrive in regions previously unsuitable for their survival. Similarly, altered rainfall patterns and flooding can increase the prevalence of waterborne diseases like cholera. Vulnerability assessment in this context is challenging because it requires integrating epidemiological data with climate models, demographic information, and healthcare infrastructure capacity. Uncertainties in climate projections, combined with variations in local social and economic conditions, make it difficult to accurately predict health risks and prioritize interventions. Infrastructure is another sector highly sensitive to climate change, as extreme weather events can compromise the safety and functionality of buildings, roads, bridges, energy systems, and water supply networks. Rising sea levels threaten coastal infrastructure, leading to inundation of urban areas, while increased frequency of storms can damage transportation networks, disrupt energy supply, and destroy critical facilities. One of the primary challenges in vulnerability assessment for infrastructure is the need to consider both direct physical impacts and indirect social and