Case – Control study - Intervention study
Case-control studies- Case-control studies are based upon the identification of two populations of individuals - one ('cases') comprising those who have experienced the outcome of interest (e.g. Disease) and one ('controls') comprising those who have not experienced the outcome of interest (but who are otherwise comparable to the cases). As the outcome itself is involved in the selection of participants, no measures of disease frequency can be made from a case-control study, which are only used for the identification of exposures associated with disease (through the estimation of 'odds ratios'). Although case-control studies can be very useful in the investigation of rare diseases, there can be considerable difficulties in ensuring that the control group are comparable to
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